The Glossary
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This glossary contains the definitions of Intelligence and related terminology as
contained in MI Doctrine, as well as a few comments to help make it more useful.
Why the difference? Because Doctrine is written by many people, usually as an additional
duty, at many times, in many places...each with their own view of the world and their own
set of organizational agendas to satisfy. Although none of these people are stupid or
lacking in experience, the disjointed way in which doctrine is created leads to a jumbled
vocabulary, containing terms which are not useful, definitions which don't link, and a
clear lack of a unified, systematic approach.
Not convinced? OK, what is an "IR", and how does
it relate to a "PIR"?
Doctrinal Definitions have references which
indicate from which manual the definition was extracted, ie (FM 34-X, dtd Jun 97).
Marks our Comments
Common terms are not referenced. Look in FM 101-5-1 (Operational Terms and Graphics) or
your local dictionary.
ADA - Air Defense Artillery.
Area of Interest (AI) - The geographical area from which
information and intelligence are required to permit planning or successful conduct of the
command's operation. The area of interest is usually larger than the command's area
of operations and battle space (q.v.). The area of interest includes any threat
forces or characteristics of the battlefield environment that will significantly influence
accomplishment of the command's mission. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
Area of Operations (AO) - That portion of an area of
conflict necessary for military operations. Areas of operations are geographical areas
assigned to commanders for which they have responsibility and in which they have the
authority to conduct military operations. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
All Source Production Section (ASPS). A section of the
CTOCSE/DTOCSE under the staff supervision of the G2. It supports the commander with
all-source intelligence production. Primary functions include processing intelligence,
IPB, and maintaining intelligence data bases. (FM 34-8, dtd Sep 92)
Assumptions - Information used to replace
missing facts (q.v.) necessary for command and staff planning, estimating, and decision
making. Assumptions may also be required for facts that change due to the time difference
between receipt of the mission and the time of execution, such as threat dispositions.
Assumptions should be confirmed or denied by intelligence collection whenever practical.
(FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
Avenue of Approach (AA) - An air or ground route of an
attacking force of a given size leading to its objective or to key terrain in its path.
Avenues of approach are based on the capabilities and opportunities offered by the
battlefield environment and may not necessarily form part of a course of action. Defensive
avenues of approach support counterattacks and the commitment of reserves. Note the
difference between avenues of approach, axis of advance (q.v.) and direction of attack
(q.v.). (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
Axis of Advance - A general route of
advance, assigned for purposes of control, which extends toward the enemy. An axis of
advance symbol graphically portrays a commander's intention, such as avoidance of built-up
areas or envelopment of an enemy force. It follows terrain suitable for the size of the
force assigned the axis and is often a road, a group of roads, or a designated series of
locations. A commander may maneuver his forces and supporting fires to either side of an
axis of advance provided the unit remains oriented on the axis and the objective.
Deviations from an assigned axis of advance must not interfere with the maneuver of
adjacent units without prior approval of the higher commander. Enemy forces that do not
threaten security or jeopardize mission accomplishment may be bypassed. An axis of advance
is not used to direct the control of terrain or the clearance of enemy forces from
specific locations. Intermediate objectives are normally assigned for these purposes. Note
that an axis of advance is a control measure that is assigned as part of a course of
action; the term "axis of advance" is not synonymous with avenue of approach
(q.v.). (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93) See also Direction of Attack.
- Battle Damage Assessment (BDA) - The timely and
accurate estimate of damage resulting from the application of military force, either
lethal or non-lethal, against an objective or target. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93) The
continual assessment of enemy strength and the effect of your operations on the enemy. (FM
34-8, dtd Sep 92)
Battle Position (BP) - A defensive location oriented on
the most likely enemy avenue of approach from which a unit may defend or attack. Such
units can be as large as battalion task forces and as small as platoons. A unit assigned a
BP is located within the general outline of the BP. Security, combat support, and combat
service support forces may operate outside a BP to provide early enemy detection and
all-around security. Note that although most BPs are based on terrain features they are
control measures. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
Battle Space - Components determined by the
maximum capabilities of a unit to acquire and dominate the enemy; includes areas beyond
the area of operations; it varies over time according to how the commander positions his
assets. It depends on the command's ability to both acquire and engage targets using its
own assets or those of other commands on its behalf. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
Battlefield Operating Systems (BOS) - The major
functions performed by the force on the battlefield to successfully execute Army
operations in order to accomplish military objectives. They form a framework for examining
complex operations in terms of functional operating systems. The systems include maneuver,
fire support, air defense, command and control, intelligence, mobility and survivability,
and combat service support. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
Beginning Morning Nautical Twilight (BMNT) - Morning
nautical twilight begins when the sun is 12 degrees below the eastern horizon. It is the
start of that period where, in good conditions and in the absence of other illumination,
enough light is available to identify the general outlines of ground objects, conduct
limited military operations, and engage in most types of ground movement without
difficulty. See End Evening Nautical Twilight. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
BICC - Battlefield Information Coordination Center. A
subsection of the battalion/brigade S2 section. It provides detailed control and
coordination of intelligence collection, production, and dissemination, thus freeing the
S2 from routine tasks so he can better manage the overall intelligence effort. (FM 34-8,
dtd Sep 92)
BOS Synchronization Matrix - A
written record of wargaming. The BOS synchronization matrix depicts the criteria that
generate each anticipated friendly decision and the resulting action by each friendly BOS
(q.v.). Other information required to execute a specific friendly course of action may
also be included. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
Branch - A contingency plan (an option built into
the basic plan) for changing the disposition, orientation, or direction of movement of the
force. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
- Capability - The ability to successfully
perform an operation or accomplish an objective. The evaluation of capabilities includes
an assessment of a force's current situation as well as its organization, doctrine and
normal tactics, techniques and procedures. Capabilities are stated in terms of broad
courses of action and supporting operations. Generally, only capabilities that will
influence accomplishment of the friendly command's mission are addressed. (FM 34-130, dtd
Nov 93)
Center of Gravity - The hub of all power
and movement upon which everything depends. That characteristic, capability, or location
from which enemy and friendly forces derive their freedom of action, physical strength, or
the will to fight. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
Collection Management and Dissemination (CM&D).
A section of the CTOCSE/DTOCSE under the staff supervision of the G2 that directs
collection missions and disseminates the required intelligence to the user. (FM 34-8, dtd
Sep 92)
Collection Management. The
process of formulating detailed collection requirements, requesting or tasking collection
agencies for required information, and disseminating intelligence. The primary purpose of
CM is to answer the commander's PIR. The secondary purpose of CM is to answer the IR of
other intelligence consumers. (FM 34-8, dtd Sep 92)
Communications Intelligence (COMINT). Intelligence
derived from the intercept and analysis of enemy radio transmissions through various
communications modes to include voice, Morse code, analog or digital data, teletypewriter,
and facsimile. (FM 34-8, dtd Sep 92)
Common Understanding of the
Battlefield - How the commander and staff perceive the battlefield
environment. It includes the sum of all that is known or perceived of friendly and threat
forces and the effects of the battlefield environment. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93) How you,
the S2, and the rest of your staff perceive the battlefield. The "battlefield"
includes the sum total of all that is known or perceived of friendly forces, enemy forces
and the AI. Also called the Shared Conceptual Model or the Threat Model. (FM 34-8, dtd Sep
92)
Confirmed - Confirmed intelligence is information
or intelligence reported by three independent sources. The test for independence is
certainty that the information report of one source was not derived from either of the two
other sources, usually resulting in reliance on original reporting. Analytical judgment
counts as one source. Ensure that no more than one source is based solely on analytical
judgment. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
Corps/Division Tactical Operations Center Support Element
(C/DTOCSE). Staff section that operates under the staff supervision of the G2 and
G3. It provides the G2 with intelligence and CI planning and collection management,
production and dissemination. It supports the G3 with EW, OPSEC, and deception planning.
(FM 34-8, dtd Sep 92)
-
Counterintelligence (CI). Intelligence activities we
take to detect, evaluate, counteract, or prevent hostile intelligence collection,
subversion, sabotage, terrorism, or assassination directed against our forces. (FM 34-8,
dtd Sep 92)
Counterintelligence Analysis Section (CIAS). A section
of the CTOCSE/DTOCSE under the staff supervision of the G2. It assists in determining the
risk the enemy intelligence threat poses to friendly operations. It plans and recommends
mission taskings for CI assets and works closely with the OPSEC support element to fulfill
the G3's OPSEC responsibilities. (FM 34-8, dtd Sep 92)
Course of Action (COA) - A possible plan open to an
individual or commander that would accomplish or is related to accomplishment of the
mission. A course of action is initially stated in broad terms with the details determined
during staff wargaming. To develop courses of action the staff must focus on key
information and intelligence necessary to make decisions. Courses of action include five
elements: what (the type of operation), when (the time the action will begin), where
(boundaries, axis, etc.), how (the use of assets), and why (the purpose or desired
end-state). (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
Culminating Point - The point in time and
space when the attacker's combat power no longer exceeds that of the defender or when the
defender no longer has the capability to defend successfully. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
Back to Top
- Decision Point (DP) - The point in space and time
where the commander or staff anticipates making a decision concerning a specific friendly
course of action. Decision points are usually associated with threat force activity or the
battlefield environment and are therefore associated with one or more NAI (q.v.). Decision
points also may be associated with the friendly force and the status of ongoing
operations. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93) The point at which the commander or staff plans to
make a friendly decision. Because the decision is dependent on an enemy action, the point
is always associated with a NAI or indicator, and either an IR or a PIR. (FM 34-8, dtd Sep
92) A point, usually geographical in nature, that, when retained, provides a commander
with a marked advantage over his opponent. Decisive points could also include other
physical elements such as enemy formations, command posts, and communications nodes. (FM
34-1, dtd Jan 94)
Decision Support Template (DST) - A graphic record of
wargaming. The decision support template depicts decision points (q.v.), timelines
associated with movement of forces and the flow of the operation, and other key items of
information required to execute a specific friendly course of action. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov
93) . This is the graphic record of the wargaming process. The BOS Synchronization Matrix
is the written record of wargaming. The two products are interdependent and mutually
supporting. Initially, one DST is prepared for each friendly COA developed by the S3. Each
enemy COA developed by the S2 is wargamed against this friendly COA. Friendly actions
required to defeat or pre-empt enemy actions are recorded graphically on the DST and
written onto its associated BOS Synchronization Matrix. The DST for the friendly COA
selected by the commander is further refined by the staff and used to synchronize the
OPORD and to cue the commander of important decisions during the battle. (FM 34-8, dtd Sep
92)
Decisive Point - A point, usually
geographical in nature, that, when retained, provides a commander with a marked advantage
over his opponent. Decisive points could also include other physical elements such as
enemy formations, command posts, and communications nodes. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
Defensible Terrain - Terrain that offers
some concealment and cover to defending forces while also providing observation and fields
of fire into potential engagement areas. Ideal defensible terrain is difficult to bypass,
offers concealed and covered battle positions, covered withdrawal routes, and overlooks
engagement areas that allow the defending force to use all of their weapon systems at
their maximum ranges. Defensible terrain must defend a likely objective or avenue of
approach (otherwise, why defend it?). (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
Delaying Operation - An operation
usually conducted when the commander needs time to concentrate or withdraw forces, to
establish defenses in greater depth, to economize in an area, or to complete offensive
actions elsewhere. In the delay, the destruction of the enemy force is secondary to
slowing his advance to gain time. Delay missions are delay in sector, or delay forward of
a specified line for a specified time or specified event (see FM 101-5-1). (FM 34-130, dtd
Nov 93)
Direction of Attack - A specific
direction or route that the main attack or the main body of the force will follow. If
used, it is normally at battalion and lower levels. Direction of attack is a more
restrictive control measure than axis of advance, and units are not free to maneuver off
the assigned route. It usually is associated with infantry units conducting night attacks,
or units involved in limited visibility operations, and in counterattack. In NATO
terminology it is referred to as an Attack Route. Note that directions of attack are
control measures that are assigned as part of a course of action; the term is not
synonymous with avenue of approach (q.v.). See also Axis of Advance. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov
93)
Direction Finding (DF) The simultaneous intercept of a
radio signal by two or more intercept stations that provides the location of the source.
(FM 34-8, dtd Sep 92)
DMA - Defense Mapping Agency.
Doctrinal Template - A model based on
postulated threat doctrine. Doctrinal templates illustrate the disposition and activity of
threat forces and assets (high value targets) conducting a particular operation
unconstrained by the effects of the battlefield environment. They represent the
application of threat doctrine under ideal conditions. Ideally, doctrinal templates depict
the threat's normal organization for combat, frontages, depths, boundaries and other
control measures, assets available from other commands, objective depths, engagement
areas, battle positions, etc. Doctrinal templates are usually scaled to allow ready use on
a map background. They are one part of a threat model (q.v.). (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
- Electronic Attack (EA). a sub-component of Electronic
Warfare, formerly known as Electronic Counter Measures (ECM). (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
Essential Elements of Friendly Information (EEFI).
Critical information regarding specific friendly intentions, capabilities, and activities
that may be a focus for enemy intelligence collection. (FM 34-8, dtd Sep 92)
Electronic Intelligence (ELINT). Intelligence derived
from the intercept and analysis of threat noncommunications emissions to include radars,
transponders, repeaters, and beacons. (FM 34-8, dtd Sep 92)
Electronic Warfare (EW). Use of electromagnetic energy
to determine, exploit, reduce, or prevent enemy use of the electromagnetic spectrum and
action that retains friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum. (FM 34-8, dtd Sep 92)
Electronic warfare consists of three sub-components: Electronic Attack (EA),
Electronic Warfare Support Measures (ES), and Electronic Protection (EP). (FM 34-130, dtd
Nov 93)
EENT- End Evening Nautical Twilight - Occurs when the
sun has dropped 12 degrees below the western horizon, and is the instant of last available
day light for the visual control of limited ground operations. At EENT there is no further
sunlight available. See Beginning Morning Nautical Twilight. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
Engagement Area (EA) - An area in which the
commander intends to trap and destroy an enemy force with the massed fires of all
available weapons. Engagement areas are routinely identified by a target reference point
in the center of the trap area or by prominent terrain features around the area. Although
engagement areas may also be divided into sectors of fire, it is important to understand
that defensive systems are not designed around engagement areas, but rather around avenues
of approach. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
Envelopment - An offensive maneuver in which the
main attacking force passes around or over the enemy's principal defensive positions to
secure objectives to the enemy's rear. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
Electronic Protection (EP); a sub-component of
Electronic Warfare, formerly known as Electronic Counter-countermeasures (ECCM). (FM
34-130, dtd Nov 93)
Electronic Warfare Support (ES); a sub-component of
Electronic Warfare, formerly known as Electronic Support Measures (ESM). (FM 34-130, dtd
Nov 93)
Event Matrix - A description of the
indicators and activity expected to occur in each NAI (q.v.). It normally cross-references
each NAI and indicator with the times they are expected to occur and the course(s) of
action they will confirm or deny. There is no prescribed format. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
Event Template - A guide for collection
planning. The event template depicts the named areas of interest (q.v.) where activity (or
its lack) will indicate which course of action (q.v.) the threat has adopted. (FM 34-130,
dtd Nov 93)
- Facts - Information known to be true. In terms of
intelligence, facts include confirmed (q.v.) intelligence. See Assumptions. (FM 34-130,
dtd Nov 93)
Field Artillery Intelligence Officer (FAIO). A member
of the FSE who operates in the ASPS of the DTOCSE. He helps identify targets and target
development requirements, reports identified targets to the FSE, screens intelligence for
its application to targeting requirements, and coordinates cuing of MI collection systems
from information developed by artillery target acquisition systems. (FM 34-8, dtd Sep 92)
- (empty)
- High Payoff Target (HPT) - High value targets (q.v.)
whose loss to the threat will contribute to the success of the friendly
course of action. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93) These are a subset of HVTs which, if
successfully attacked, will facilitate the friendly operation. HPTs are
approved by the commander and associated with a specific friendly COA. (FM 34-8, dtd Sep
92)
The latest doctrinal change from the Artillery Community
increases the importance of HPTs, so that their attack is now Essential
to the success of the friendly operation, rather than just being a contributing
or facilitating factor. Therefore, IRs looking for an HPT
automatically fit the criteria for Priority status, or PIR.
High Value Target (HVT) - Assets that the threat
commander requires for the successful completion of a specific course of action. (FM
34-130, dtd Nov 93) Enemy elements which, if successfully attacked, will cause the enemy
operation to fail. HVTs are associated with a specific enemy COA. (FM 34-8, dtd Sep 92)
HUMINT - Human Intelligence.
IEW - Intelligence and Electronic Warfare.
Imagery Intelligence (IMINT).
Intelligence obtained from the analysis of radar, photographic, infra-red, and
electro-optical imagery. (FM 34-8, dtd Sep 92)
Indications and warning (I&W)- One of the six
IEW tasks.(FM 34-1, dtd Jan 94)
Indicators - Positive or negative evidence of
threat activity or any characteristic of the AO which points toward threat vulnerabilities
or the adoption or rejection by the threat of a particular capability, or which may
influence the commander's selection of a COA. Indicators may result from previous actions
or from threat failure to take action.(FM 34-1, dtd Jan 94)
Infiltration lane - A route used by
forces to infiltrate through or into an area or territory. The movement is usually
conducted in small groups or by individuals. Normally, infiltrating forces avoid contact
with the enemy until arrival at the objective area. Because of the emphasis on surprise,
infiltration lanes usually make use of terrain that offers concealment and cover,
even if some sacrifice in mobility results.(FM 34-1, dtd Jan 94)
Intelligence and Electronic Warfare Support Element (IEWSE).
The support element that is organic to the MI battalion S3 section which collocates with
each of the three maneuver brigade S2 sections to advise the brigade commander and staff
on the integration and use of MI assets to support the brigade's battles. The IEWSE relays
brigade mission tasking to the MI battalion TOC, where the TCAE adds technical data and
tasks the EW element. (FM 34-8, dtd Sep 92)
Information Requirement (IR) - An intelligence requirement (q.v.) of lower priority than
the PIR (q.v.) of lowest priority. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
& (FM 34-1, dtd Jan 94)
Intelligence and Electronic Warfare Support Officer (IEWSO)
The IEWSO is the officer in charge of the IEWSE. He is the liaison between the MI
battalion, IEW company team, and the brigade commander and staff. He advises the brigade
commander and staff on the integration and use of MI assets to support the brigade's
battles, assists the brigade S2 and S3 in planning the use of supporting MI assets and in
preparing taskings, and ensures rapid dissemination of collected combat information from
MI elements, as directed by the brigade commander. (FM 34-8, dtd Sep 92)
Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield (IPB) - The
systematic, continuous process of analyzing the threat and environment in a specific
geographic area. IPB is designed to support the staff estimate and military decision
making process. Most intelligence requirements (q.v.) are generated as a result of the IPB
process and its inter-relation with the decision making process. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
The process which predicts possible enemy courses of action through the analysis of the
battlefield, enemy doctrine and the current situation. (FM 34-8, dtd Sep 92)
Intelligence Report (INTREP). There is no set format
for the INTREP. It is tailored for the decision maker. (FM 34-8, dtd Sep 92
Intelligence Requirement (IR also) -
A requirement for intelligence to fill a gap in the command's knowledge and understanding
of the battlefield or threat forces. Intelligence requirements are designed to reduce the
uncertainties associated with successful completion of a specific friendly course of
action; a change in the course of action usually leads to a change in intelligence
requirements. Intelligence requirements that support decisions which affect the overall
mission accomplishment (such as choice of a course of action, branch, or sequel) are
designated as priority intelligence requirements (PIR-q.v.). Less important intelligence
requirements are designated as information requirements
(IR-q.v.). (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93). Intelligence gaps that must be filled in order to
reduce the uncertainties associated with the successful execution of a specific friendly
COA. Each is linked to a specific enemy action that requires a friendly response. Each
must be situational templated and wargamed. Your wargaming will dictate which IRs become Priority Intelligence Requirements (PIR) as the mission runs
its course. (FM 34-8, dtd Sep 92)
Information Requirement as a less important Intelligence
Requirement is a throwback to the Olde Tymes... and about as useful as "Gaggle"
of Geese, "Covey" of Quail, "Pride" of Lions. Colorful language and
excessive taxonomy belongs in poetry, not in battle language! If Intelligence Requirements
are prioritized, a special name for those of lesser priority is not needed.
A more useful approach would be to associate Information
Requirements with FFIR (Friendly Forces Information Requirements). An FFIR is a question
the commander must answer regarding some aspect of friendly forces in order to make a
decision. For instance, "When will 1-16 Infantry cross Phase Line BOB?" The
answer is sought through FRIENDLY channels. An Intelligence Requirement attains PIR status
when it is associated with either an HPT or a DP. Each FFIR should also be related to a
DP, but what do you call a query for friendly information that is NOT associated with a
DP? Current doctrine has no answer.
It would be extremely useful to call non-DP requests for
friendly information "Information Requirements".
It would ALSO be useful to apply the same rules of
precision to FFIR that are currently applied to PIR: Each must ask a Single Question, Each
must be associated with a Decision Point, and Each must be active for a specified period
of time.
IR - see Information
Requirement or Intelligence Requirement, as the
Spirit moves you. (Yes, it IS confusing!)
ISOS - Intelligence System of Systems (see FM
34-1)
Back to Top
- (empty)
- Kilometer; a unit of linear measure equal to one
thousand meters or 0.62137 miles. To convert miles to kilometers multiply the number of
miles by a factor of 1.60934. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
Knot(s); a unit of speed roughly equal to 1.15 miles
per hour. Sometimes also incorrectly used to denote a linear distance measured in nautical
miles (q.v.). (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
-
-
Knot is short for "Nautical Mile per
Hour". A nautical mile is 6080 feet, and a statute
("Real") mile is 5280 feet, thus the difference. Unlike
statute miles, the length of a nautical mile was derived from the
circumference of the earth. 1/60 of a degree is a "minute of
arc", and 1/60 of a "minute of arc" is a "second of
arc". When you see latitude/longitude values they are
usually expressed in degrees, minutes, seconds. Roughly speaking, one
nautical mile is one minute of arc as measured at the equator. This is
very useful for ocean navigation and flight. And since most of our
weather reports come from those concerned with flight (USAF), we get wind
speed in knots.
- Latest Time Information of Value (LTIOV); the time by
which information must be delivered to the requestor in order to provide decision makers
with timely intelligence. Sometimes the LTIOV is the expected time of a decision
anticipated during staff wargaming and planning. If someone other than the decision maker
must first process the information, the LTIOV is earlier than the time associated with the
decision point. The time difference accounts for delays in processing and communicating
the final intelligence to the decision maker. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
Sometimes it doesn't
do us any good to find out things too early. So I coined the term "ETWEC",
Earliest Time We Even Care. So far, it hasn't made it into doctrine!
- LD/LC - Line of departure is the line of contact.
Limit of Advance (LOA) - An easily recognized terrain
feature beyond which attacking elements will not advance. Note that it is a control
measure rather than a terrain restriction. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
Lines of Communication (LOC) - All the routes (land,
water, and air) that connect an operating military force with one or more bases of
operations and along which supplies and military forces move. Note that not all roads,
rails, etc., are lines of communication; some are unsuited, others may be suitable but not
used. Note also that in this context a communications center is an area where LOC
converge, such as transshipment points or hub-pattern cities (e.g. Bastogne, Belgium). (FM
34-130, dtd Nov 93)
Line of Contact (LC) - A general trace delineating the
location where two opposing forces are engaged. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
Line of Departure (LD) - A line designated to coordinate
the commitment of attacking units or scouting elements at a specified time. A start line.
(FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
- MASINT - Measurement and Signature Intelligence.
Modified Combined Obstacle Overlay (MCOO); a product
used to depict the battlefield's effects on military operations. It is normally based on a
product depicting all obstacles to mobility modified to also depict:
- o Cross country mobility classifications (Restricted, etc.).
o Objectives.
o Avenues of approach and mobility corridors.
o Likely locations of counter-mobility obstacle systems.
o Defensible terrain.
o Likely engagement areas.
o Key terrain.
The list is not prescriptive or inclusive. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
METT-T - Commonly used acronym for "mission,
enemy, terrain, troops, and time available," used to describe the factors that must
be considered during the planning or execution of a tactical operation. Since these
factors vary in any given situation, the term "METT-T dependent" is a common way
of denoting that the proper approach to a problem in any situation depends on these
factors and their interrelationship in that specific situation. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
MI - Military Intelligence; a branch of the United
States Army.
Mile - A unit of linear measure equal to 5,280 feet,
1,760 yards, or 1.60934 kilometers. To convert kilometers to miles multiply the number of
kilometers by a factor of 0.62137.
Mobility Corridor - Areas where a force
will be canalized due to terrain restrictions. They allow military forces to capitalize on
the principles of mass and speed and are therefore relatively free of obstacles. (FM
34-130, dtd Nov 93)
Motorized Rifle Regiment (MRR); name of a soviet-style
maneuver unit normally consisting of three mechanized infantry battalions, one tank
battalion, one artillery battalion, and enough combat support and combat service support
assets to make it capable of independent action for at least limited periods of time. The
term motorized dates from World War II when most units depended on trucks for
transportation. Today most units with this name are actually mechanized. (FM 34-130, dtd
Nov 93)
- Named Area of Interest (NAI) - The geographical area
where information that will satisfy a specific information requirement can be collected.
NAI are usually selected to capture indications of threat courses of action but also may
be related to conditions of the battlefield. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93) An area on the ground
which, when observed, will either confirm or deny an enemy course of action. (FM 34-8, dtd
Sep 92)
Nautical Mile - a unit of linear measure
equal to 1.852 kilometers or approximately 1.15 miles. Nautical miles are commonly used in
sea and air navigation. Length is 6080 feet as opposed to 5280 feet for the
"Normal" mile.
NBC - Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical; used to denote
weapons or operations which depend on nuclear, biological, or chemical warheads or agents
for their casualty producing effects; or which protect or defend against or react to their
use. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
NLT - Not later than; the time by which something must
be accomplished.
- OCOKA - A commonly used acronym and mnemonic for
the military aspects of terrain. The acronym does not dictate the order in which the
factors are evaluated; use the order best suited to the situation at hand. The military
aspects of terrain are observation and fields of fire, concealment and cover, obstacles,
key terrain, and avenues of approach. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
Operations Security (OPSEC). All actions taken to
prevent the enemy from gaining knowledge of friendly operations. The G3 has staff
responsibility for OPSEC, but the G2 has a major role in recommending OPSEC actions. (FM
34-8, dtd Sep 92)
Order of Battle (OB) - Intelligence pertaining to
identification, strength, command structure, and disposition of personnel, units, and
equipment of any military force. The order of battle factors form the framework for
analyzing military forces and their capabilities, building threat models, and hence,
developing course of action models. See FM 34-3. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
- Pattern Analysis - Deducing the
doctrine, tactics, techniques, and procedures of a force by careful observation and
evaluation of patterns in its activities. Pattern analysis leads to the development of
threat models and hence to course of action models. Identified patterns of threat activity
can be used as indicators of threat courses of action. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
Penetration - A form of offensive maneuver that
seeks to break through the enemy's defensive position, widen the gap created, and destroy
the continuity of his positions. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
Phase Line (PL) - A line used for control and
coordination of military operations. It is usually a recognizable terrain feature
extending across the zone of action. Units normally report crossing PLs, but do not halt
unless specifically directed. PLs often are used to prescribe the timing of delay
operations. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
Possible - Information or intelligence reported by
only one independent source is classified as possibly true. The test for independence is
certainty that the information report of a source was not derived from some other source,
usually resulting in reliance on original reporting. A classification of possibly true
cannot be based on analytical judgment alone. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
Priority Intelligence Requirement (PIR) - An intelligence requirement (q.v.) associated with a
decision that will affect the overall success of the command's mission. PIR are a subset
of intelligence requirements of a higher priority than information
requirements (q.v.). PIR are prioritized among themselves and may change in priority
over the course of the operation's conduct. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93) Those Intelligence
Requirements (IRs) for which a commander has an anticipated and stated priority in his
task of planning and decision making. Wargaming will dictate which IRs become PIRs as the
mission runs its course. (FM 34-8, dtd Sep 92)
Probable - Information or intelligence reported by
two independent sources is classified as probably true. The test for independence is
certainty that the information report of one source was not derived from the other source,
usually resulting in reliance on original reporting. Analytical judgment counts as one
source. Ensure that no more than one source is based solely on analytical judgment. (FM
34-130, dtd Nov 93)
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- Radio Electronic Combat (REC); a term sometimes used
to denote electronic warfare (q.v.) operations in non-NATO armed forces. (FM 34-130, dtd
Nov 93)
Reconnaissance - A mission under taken to
obtain information by visual observation, or other detection methods, about the activities
and resources of an enemy or potential enemy, or about the meteorologic, hydrographic, or
geographic characteristics of a particular area. Reconnaissance differs from surveillance
(q.v.) primarily in duration of the mission. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
Often confused with Surveillance.
Definitions of both seem to have evolved over time to a point of uselessness. A more
useful definition of reconnaissance would be...
Systematically moving about in order to gather information.
Request for Intelligence Information (RII). Requests
for information based on unit or command intelligence requirements. (FM 34-8, dtd Sep 92)
Once known as RFI - Request For Information.
Restricted - A classification indicating terrain
that hinders movement. Little effort is needed to enhance mobility through restricted
terrain but units may have difficulty maintaining preferred speeds, moving in combat
formations or transitioning from one formation to another. A force can generally use
administrative or march formations through restricted terrain with only minimal delay. (FM
34-130, dtd Nov 93)
Retirement - A retrograde operation in which a
force out of contact moves away from the enemy. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
Retrograde - An organized movement to the rear
or away from the enemy. It may be forced by the enemy or may be made voluntarily. Such
movements may be classified as withdrawal (q.v.), retirement (q.v.) , or delaying
operations (q.v.). (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
- Schlabachian Doctrine - A derisive term for the new generation of Tactical Intelligence
Doctrine that emerged from the Tactics Division of the Intelligence Center & School in
the early 90's. This doctrine was in sharp contrast to its predecessors in that it sought
to link the various elements of Tactical Intelligence Doctrine into a unified system and
truly scientific discipline. By stressing process and relationships instead of checklists,
it tended to alienate those who wished to critique S2 performance without a full
understanding of intelligence theory and doctrine. Schabachian Doctrine is named for Jerry
L. Schlabach, who started the whole thing and later coauthored FM's 34-1, 34-2, 34-8, and
34-130.
Sequel - Major operations that follow an initial
major operation. Plans for sequels are based on the possible outcome-victory, stalemate,
or defeat-of the current operation. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
Severely Restricted - A classification
indicating terrain that severely hinders or slows movement in combat formations unless
some effort is made to enhance mobility. Severely restricted terrain includes man-made
obstacles, such as minefields, cities, etc., as well as natural barriers. Severely
restricted terrain generally slows or impedes administrative and march formations. (FM
34-130, dtd Nov 93)
Signals Intelligence (SIGINT). Intelligence derived
from the intercept, analysis, and exploitation of enemy radio electronic emissions. (FM
34-8, dtd Sep 92)
Situation Map (SITMAP); a recording device used as
an aid in situation development and pattern analysis. See FM 34-3. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
Often confused with Situation Template. The
difference is that the SITMAP is created from intelligence derived from collection and
analysis of enemy activities, and shows what the enemy has actually been doing (or at
least what we THINK he has been doing). The SITEMP portrays what we think the enemy MIGHT
do, and is a graphic protrayal of one or more enemy courses of action. The SITEMP
contributed to the formulation of the collection plan, which gathered specified enemy
information, which was then analyzed and plotted on the SITMAP. The SITEMP is one of the
outputs from IPB. The SITMAP is one of the outputs of successful execution of the
collection plan.
Situation Template (SITEMP)- Depictions of assumed
threat dispositions, based on threat doctrine and the effects of the battlefield, if the
threat should adopt a particular course of action. In effect, they are the doctrinal
template (q.v.) depicting a particular operation modified to account for the effects of
the battlefield environment and the threat's current situation (training and experience
levels, logistic status, losses, dispositions, etc.). Normally the situation template
depicts threat units two levels of command below the friendly force as well as the
expected locations of high value targets. Situation templates use time-phase lines (q.v.)
to indicate movement of forces and the expected flow of the operation. Usually, the
situation template depicts a critical point in the course of action. Situation templates
are one part of a threat course of action model (q.v.). Models may contain more than one
situation template. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
Often confused with SITMAP.
Sortie - One aircraft making one takeoff and one
landing; an operational flight by one aircraft. Hence, six sorties may be one flight each
by six different aircraft, or six flights by a single aircraft. Threat air capabilities
are often stated in terms of the number of sorties per day by a particular type of
aircraft. They are based on an evaluation of the available number of aircraft and aircrews
(ideally more than one crew per aircraft), and the threat's maintenance, logistics, and
training status. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
Specific Information Requirement (SIR) - Specific
information requirements describe the information required to answer all or part of an
intelligence requirement. A complete SIR describes the information required, the location
where the required information can be collected, and the time during which it can be
collected. Generally, each intelligence requirement (q.v.) generates sets of SIR. (FM
34-130, dtd Nov 93)
Specific Order or Request (SOR) - The order or request
that generates planning and execution of a collection mission or analysis of data base
information. SORs sent to subordinate commands are orders. SORs sent to other commands are
requests. SORs often use system-specific message formats but also include standard
military operations and fragmentary orders. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
Surveillance - The systematic observation of
airspace or surface areas by visual, aural, photographic, or other means. Surveillance
differs from reconnaissance (q.v.) primarily in duration of the mission. (FM 34-130, dtd
Nov 93)
Often confused with Reconnaissance.
Definitions of both seem to have evolved over time to a point of uselessness. A more
useful definition of surveillance would be...
Systematic observation from a static location.
- Target Area of Interest (TAI) - The geographical area
where high value targets (q.v.) can be acquired and engaged by friendly forces. Not all
TAI will form part of the friendly course of action; only TAI associated with high payoff
targets (q.v.) are of interest to the staff. These are identified during staff planning
and wargaming. TAIs differ from engagement areas (q.v.) in degree. Engagement areas plan
for the use of all available weapons; TAIs might be engaged by a single weapon. (FM
34-130, dtd Nov 93) . An area on the ground where friendly action can adversely affect an
enemy force. (FM 34-8, dtd Sep 92)
Target Value Analysis (TVA). The process used in
conjunction with IPB to identify high value and high pay-off targets. (FM 34-8, dtd Sep
92)
Technical Control and Analysis Element (TCAE). The
focal point in the MI brigade/battalion S3 for the exchange of SIGINT and EW intelligence.
The TCAE maintains and provides technical data (enemy call signs, frequencies, etc.) to
subordinate TCAEs and collection assets, and exchanges data with higher, lower, and
adjacent TCAEs and allied EW units. The TCAE (especially at a division MI bn) tasks,
controls, and coordinates collection and jamming assets. (FM 34-8, dtd Sep 92)
Technical Intelligence (TECHINT). Intelligence
concerning foreign technological developments, and the performance and operational
capabilities of foreign weapons and equipment. (FM 34-8, dtd Sep 92)
Threat Course of Action Model
- A model of one course of action available to the threat. It consists of a graphic
depiction (situation template - q.v.); a description (narrative or matrix), and a listing
of assets important to the success of the course of action (high value targets - q.v.).
The degree of detail in the model depends on available time. Ideally, threat course of
action models address all battlefield operating systems. At a minimum, threat course of
action models address the five standard elements of a course of action: what (the type of
operation), when (in this case, the earliest time the action can begin), where
(boundaries, axis, etc.), how (the use of assets), and why (the purpose or desired
end-state). Threat course of action models should also meet the tests of suitability,
feasibility, acceptability, uniqueness, and consistency with doctrine (see chapter two).
Threat courses of action are derived from capabilities (q.v.). (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
Threat Model - A model of the threat force's
doctrine and tactics, techniques, and procedures for the conduct of a particular
operation. Threat models are based on a study of all available information, structured by
the order of battle (q.v.) factors, of the particular threat force under consideration.
Ideally, threat models consider all battlefield operating systems (q.v.) in detail. Threat
models are normally prepared prior to deployment. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
Time Phase Line (TPL) - A line used to represent the
movement of forces or the flow of an operation over time. It usually represents the
location of forces at various increments of time, such as lines that show unit locations
at two hour intervals. TPLs should account for the effects of the battlefield environment
and the anticipated effects of contact with other forces. For example, TPLs depicting
threat movement through an area occupied by friendly forces should use movement rates
based on a force in contact with the enemy rather than convoy movement speeds. (FM 34-130,
dtd Nov 93)
Tank Regiment (TR) ; name of a soviet-style maneuver
unit normally consisting of three tank battalions, one mechanized infantry battalion, one
artillery battalion, and enough combat support and combat service support assets to make
it capable of independent action for at least limited periods of time. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov
93)
TTP - Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures.
- Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). Remotely piloted
small-frame fixed-wing aircraft that provide near real-time imagery intelligence to
tactical commanders.
Unrestricted - A classification indicating
terrain that is free of restrictions to movement.(FM 34-1, dtd Jan 94)
USAF - United States Air Force.
A branch of the United States Army that has the
responsibility for providing the Army with close air support, weather forcasts, air lift
support, as well as being a ready target for Hoots & Japes.
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM); the geographical
coordinate system used by Army and Marine ground forces. Named for the Flemish
cartographer Gerhardus Mercator (1512-1594). (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
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- Withdrawal - A retrograde operation in which a
force in contact with the enemy frees itself for a new mission. (FM 34-130, dtd Nov 93)
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